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Functional contextualism
Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism. It is most actively developed in behavioral science in general and the field of behavior analysis in particular. Functional contextualism serves as the basis of a theory of language known as relational frame theory〔Hayes, S.C.; Barnes-Holmes, D. & Roche, B. (Eds.). (2001). ''Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition''. New York: Plenum Press.〕 and its most prominent application, acceptance and commitment therapy.〔Hayes, S.C.; Strosahl, K. & Wilson, K.G. (1999). ''Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change''. New York: Guilford Press.〕 It can be viewed as an extension and contextualistic interpretation of B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism, and emphasizes the importance of predicting and influencing psychological events (including thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) by focusing on manipulable variables in their context.
==Contextualism==
The form of contextualism from which functional contextualism emerged is the one described by the philosopher Stephen C. Pepper in his book ''World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence''.〔Pepper, S.C. (1942). ''World hypotheses: A study in evidence''. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.〕 In this work, Pepper noted that philosophical systems tend to cluster around a few distinct "world hypotheses" or "world views." Each world view is characterized by a distinctive underlying root metaphor and truth criterion. Root metaphors are based on seemingly well-understood, common-sense, everyday objects or ideas, and serve as the basic analogy by which an analyst attempts to understand the world. A world view's root metaphor roughly corresponds to its ontological assumptions, or views about the nature of being or existence (e.g., whether the universe is deterministic or not). Truth criteria are inextricably linked to their root metaphors, and provide the basis for evaluating the validity of analyses. A world view's truth criterion roughly corresponds to its epistemological assumptions, or views about the nature of knowledge and truth (e.g., whether it is discovered or constructed).
The root metaphor of contextualism is the "act in context," whereby any event is interpreted as an ongoing act inseparable from its current and historical context. The truth criterion of contextualism is often dubbed "successful working," whereby the truth and meaning of an idea lies in its function or utility, not in how well it is said to mirror reality. In contextualism, an analysis is said to be true or valid insofar it as it leads to effective action, or achievement of some goal. Contextualism is Pepper's term for the philosophical pragmatism developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and others.
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